Creating a basic Joomla! template
出典: Joomla! ドキュメンテーション
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Introduction
The purpose of this tutorial is to serve as an introduction to creating Joomla! templates. It will cover the essential files and code needed to create a basic template. The code is presented so it can be cut and pasted with very little modification needed.
Setting up a directory structure
To make the most basic template, create a new folder in the templates folder. Name this folder after your template i.e. mynewtemplate.
Using a text editor create the files index.php and templateDetails.xml.
To keep things organized, make 2 new folders called images and css. Inside the css folder create a file called template.css.
Although it is fine to place all your CSS code directly in your index.php file to start, many web developers prefer to place their CSS code in a separate file that can be linked from multiple pages using the link<code> tag. This may also shorten the loading time of your pages, since the separate file can be cached.
This is the most basic practical setup.
Outline of folder and file structure:
- mynewtemplate/
- css/
- template.css
- images/
- index.php
- templateDetails.xml
- css/
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Creating a basic templateDetails.xml file
The templateDetails.xml file is essential. Without it, your template won't be seen by Joomla!. The file holds key metadata about the template.
The syntax of the file is different for each Joomla version.
For
, use the following:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <!DOCTYPE install PUBLIC "-//Joomla! 1.5//DTD template 1.0//EN" "http://www.joomla.org/xml/dtd/1.5/template-install.dtd"> <install version="1.5" type="template"> <name>mynewtemplate</name> <creationDate>2008-05-01</creationDate> <author>John Doe</author> <authorEmail>john@example.com</authorEmail> <authorUrl>http://www.example.com</authorUrl> <copyright>John Doe 2008</copyright> <license>GNU/GPL</license> <version>1.0.2</version> <description>My New Template</description> <files> <filename>index.php</filename> <filename>templateDetails.xml</filename> <folder>images</folder> <folder>css</folder> </files> <positions> <position>breadcrumb</position> <position>left</position> <position>right</position> <position>top</position> <position>user1</position> <position>user2</position> <position>user3</position> <position>user4</position> <position>footer</position> </positions> </install>
For
and later, use the following version. Change <code>version="1.6" into the version of your Joomla! installation.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <extension version="1.6" type="template"> <name>mynewtemplate</name> <creationDate>2008-05-01</creationDate> <author>John Doe</author> <authorEmail>john@example.com</authorEmail> <authorUrl>http://www.example.com</authorUrl> <copyright>John Doe 2008</copyright> <license>GNU/GPL</license> <version>1.0.2</version> <description>My New Template</description> <files> <filename>index.php</filename> <filename>templateDetails.xml</filename> <folder>images</folder> <folder>css</folder> </files> <positions> <position>breadcrumb</position> <position>left</position> <position>right</position> <position>top</position> <position>user1</position> <position>user2</position> <position>user3</position> <position>user4</position> <position>footer</position> </positions> </extension>
So, as you can see, we have a set of information between markup tags (the <element>s). Your best approach is to cut and paste this into your templateDetails.xml<tt> file and change the relevant bits (such as <name> and <author>).
The <files> part should contain all the files that you use - you possibly don't know what they are called yet - don't worry, update it later. The <folder> element can be used to define an entire folder at once.
Leave the positions as they are - these are a common set so you will be able to switch easily from the standard templates.
Creating a basic index.php file
The <tt>index.php file becomes the core of every page that Joomla! delivers. Essentially, you make a page (like any HTML page) but place PHP code where the content of your site should go. The template works by adding Joomla code into module positions and the component section in your template. Anything added to the template will appear on all pages unless it is added to one of these sections via the Joomla CMS (or customised code).
This page will show the bare-bones code ready for you to cut and paste into your own design.
Begin
A Joomla 1.5 template begins with the following lines:
<?php defined( '_JEXEC' ) or die( 'Restricted access' );?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="<?php echo $this->language; ?>" lang="<?php echo $this->language; ?>" >
The first line stops naughty people looking at your coding and getting up to bad things.
The second line is the doctype which tells the browser (and web crawlers) what sort of page it is. This doctype is xhtml 1.0 but you can also change this whole line to:
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
Which will make the page html5 instead of "xhtml 1.0 transitional" which will be a bit more up to date. It'll also ensure that you have access to a few new pieces of html code not featured in xhtml 1.0. You should be aware that this will not work in internet explorer 8 or earlier without a hack so unless you know how to add the hack you should leave it as xhtml 1.0.
The third line begins our html document and describes what language the website is in. A html document is divided into two parts, head and body. The head will contain the information about the document and the body will contain the website code which controls the layout.
Head
<head> <jdoc:include type="head" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="<?php echo $this->baseurl ?>/templates/system/css/system.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="<?php echo $this->baseurl ?>/templates/system/css/general.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="<?php echo $this->baseurl ?>/templates/<?php echo $this->template; ?>/css/template.css" type="text/css" /> </head>
The first line gets Joomla to put the correct header information in. This includes the page title, meta information as well as system JavaScript. The rest creates links to two system style sheets and to your own style sheet (if it's named template.css and is located in the css folder of your template directory. So if your temlate is in http://www.mysite.com/templates/my_template/ then the css files will go in http://www.mysite.com/templates/my_template/css/).
Body Section
<body> <jdoc:include type="modules" name="top" /> <jdoc:include type="component" /> <jdoc:include type="modules" name="bottom" /> </body>
Amazingly, this will suffice! Yes, its a very basic layout, but it will do the job. Everything else will be done by Joomla!. Note: you will need to ensure your menu is set to go into the "top" module position.
Module Positions
Above the line which says name="top" adds a module position which is called top and allows Joomla to place modules into this section of the template. The type="component" line contains all articles and main content and is very important. It goes in the centre of the template.
Note: You can add your own module lines anywhere you want in the body but you have to add a corresponding line to the templateDetails.xml file which sits alongside the index.php of your template.
Finish it off - one last bit:
</html>
Custom Images
If you want to add any images to the template you can do so like this:
<img src="<?php echo $this->baseurl; ?>/images/stories/myimage.png" alt="Custom image" class="customImage" />
Here the baseurl variable will fill in the path to your template for you.
Custom CSS
You can add custom css like this:
<link rel="stylesheet" href="<?php echo $this->baseurl ?>/templates/<?php echo $this->template;?>/css/styles.css" type="text/css" />
Every file which is added must have a line in the templateDetails.xml file for the template.
Full template source code:
<?php defined( '_JEXEC' ) or die( 'Restricted access' );?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="<?php echo $this->language; ?>" lang="<?php echo $this->language; ?>" > <head> <jdoc:include type="head" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="<?php echo $this->baseurl ?>/templates/mynewtemplate/css/template.css" type="text/css" /> </head> <body> <jdoc:include type="modules" name="top" /> <jdoc:include type="component" /> <jdoc:include type="modules" name="bottom" /> </body> </html>
Testing the template
Find the template in the Template Manager, select it and click Default to make it the default template.
In Joomla! 1.5, your new template will show up immediately in the Template Manager, accessible via Extensions -> Template Manager.
+ In Joomla 1.6, you first need to tell Joomla! that you have created a new template. This feature is called Discover Extensions and can be accessed via Extensions -> Extension Manager -> Discover. Click Discover to discover your template, then select it and click Install to install it. Now your template should show up in the Template Manager (Styles), accessible via Extensions -> Template Manager.
HINT: there are a couple of ways you can preview your index page as you put it together, either insert the styles into the head of the index page or directly link it to the style sheet you will be using temporarily. You can remove these links before packaging the file.
Packaging the template for installation
A directory with several loose files is not a convenient package for distribution. So the final step is to make a package. This is a compressed archive containing the directory structure and all the files. The package can be in ZIP format (with a .zip extension), in TAR-gzip format (with a .tar.gz extension), or in TAR-bz2 format (with a .tar.bz2 extension).
If your template is in a directory mytemplate/ then to make the package you can connect to that directory and use commands like:
- tar cvvzf ../mytemplate.tar.gz *
- zip -a -r ..\mytemplate.zip *.*
Note to Mac OS X users
Note to template developers using Mac OS X systems: the Finder's "compress" menu item produces a usable ZIP format package, but with one catch. It stores the files in AppleDouble format, adding extra files with names beginning with "._". Thus it adds a file named "._templateDetails.xml, which Joomla 1.5.x can sometimes misinterpret. The symptom is an error message, "XML Parsing Error at 1:1. Error 4: Empty document". The workaround is to compress from the command line, and set a shell environment variable "COPYFILE_DISABLE" to "true" before using "compress" or "tar". See the AppleDouble article for more information.
To set an environment variable on a Mac, open a terminal window and type:
export COPYFILE_DISABLE=true
Then in the same terminal window, change directories into where your template files reside and issue the zip command. For instance, if your template files have been built in a folder in your personal directory called myTemplate, then you would do the following:
cd myTemplate zip -r myTemplate.zip *
Conclusion
You should now have created a template that works. It won't look like much yet. The best thing to do now is start experimenting with the layout.
